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In Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the Initial Sequence Number (ISN) is a number of 32 bits that is used to track packets that are received at a node and allows for the reassembly of large packets which have been broken down into small packets. During the first two steps of the three-way handshake between the communicating systems, an ISN is sent out. This means that the sending node sends out the ISN along with its SYN packet, with the ISN of the receiving node being sent back towards the sender node along with the SYN-ACK packet. Since it is a number, the order of two raised to the power thirty-two is available for the ISN, it can be a very large number. This covers a range of zero to numbers greater than four billion.
Even though the ISN is usually neglected when working with network security, there are attacks such as session hijacking attacks which make use of the ISNs by guessing them for the TCP packets involved. The IP sequence attack is another such attack. TCP packets have 2 fields that contain the port numbers of the source and destination. It is important to note that ports are logical components of TCP connections rather than physical. It identifies a running service. For instance, by default HTTP services use port number 80. Knowledge regarding ports is important as it can be used to turn off services that are not in use on some network. More services running on servers means more open ports, which means more ways in for potential attacks. This is similar to how securing a place with ten doors is easier than to secure a similar place with a hundred doors. By default there are many ports that are designated for different purposes such as Domain Name System, File Transfer Protocol, and many others.
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